In a blog post published on Friday, Apollo Chief Economist Torsten Slok highlighted that the parts of the AI value chain with the highest profit margins—companies making AI models and applications—actually have the lowest levels of profitability, a departure from the standard business model of, well business, in which profit margins are higher for companies selling an end product to consumers.

Slok broke down AI companies into four categories: models and applications, cloud and compute, energy and grid, and silicon and equipment. Using data from Pitchbook and Bloomberg for companies including OpenAI, Anthropic, Microsoft, Amazon, Constellation Energy, Nvidia, AMD, and Micron, Slok calculated that silicon and equipment—such as chipmakers—has the highest profit margin, 41%, in the AI value chain. Meanwhile, models and applications—like Anthropic—have a -59% operating margin.

Slok warns that this sharp disparity is because money from the AI boom is not coming from natural demand for AI applications, but rather shareholders hoping to cash in on what they hope is the next technological revolution.

“AI boom’s profits are currently being funded by investors rather than earned from customers,” Slok said. “The upstream margins are real, but they are paid for out of capital raised by the layer losing money, not out of cash generated by end demand.”

Goldman Sachs now projects AI investments to swell beyond $1 trillion in 2026, but so far, the technology has little to show for itself, with no significant changes in economic productivity or profit margin growth outside of the Magnificent Seven. Should AI financing slow down, the lopsided profit margin structure threatens to topple the stability of the entire rapidly expanding industry, Slok warns.

“The bottom line is that the most profitable part of the AI value chain depends on the least profitable part continuing to grow revenue or raise capital,” he concluded. “Capital can bridge the gap for a while, but not indefinitely. And therein lies the risk: will the ROI show up for AI’s end customers fast enough to sustain the spending that is generating those upstream margins?”

Wider spread fears of an unsustainable AI expansion

Slok isn’t the first economist to sound the alarm on AI’s outsized reliance on investments. In its annual report published in June, the Bank of International Settlements noted the onslaught of AI investing, primarily from the five major hyperscalers, is outpacing earnings and free cash flow, which has led to these companies issuing debt to raise additional financing. A Bank of America analysis from last November found that in 2025, those five hyperscalers issued $121 billion in debt, four times the average debt levels issued by these firms annually over the previous five years. 

“Disappointment in returns could trigger a sudden pullback in financing and turn the capex boom into a protracted investment bust, with potential knock-on effects on financial conditions,” Bank of International Settlements said in the report. “Should hyperscalers slow or halt the aggressive pace of capex deployment, many borrowers across the supply chain could struggle to replace lost revenue and service their debt.”

Tech writer Ed Zitron took this concern a step further, arguing AI spending is more precarious than it even appears on the surface. He used the example of Oracle, which has a negative cash flow of $23.7 billion, as of the end of fiscal 2026, and nearly $130 billion in outstanding debt and $260 billion in lease commitments for AI infrastructure projects that have yet to begin. Its massive gamble on AI buildout is in service of OpenAI, with whom it signed a $300 billion deal last September.

“Oracle’s existence — and Larry Ellison’s personal wealth — hinges on whether OpenAI can make good on its promise to spend $300bn in compute,” Zitron wrote in a Substack post in June. 

He called this dynamic “most-obvious and under-discussed part of the AI bubble”: While 13-figure hyperscaler capital expenditures are fueling a semiconductor boom, there’s little evidence so far that the current AI boom will translate to widespread applications of technology that will justify all this spending.

More dangerous than just Oracle failing to deliver on its $300 billion promise to OpenAI is other tech companies giving up on their own exorbitant AI spending, Zitron explained.

“If Microsoft, Google, Amazon and Meta decide that it’s time to stop spending $30 billion or more a quarter on GPUs, RAM, storage, and data center construction,” he said, “that’ll tear a hole in the side of what people assume is a permanent supercycle.”