“For every five tradespeople who retire this year, two replace them,” Rowe said during a Ford Pro Accelerate panel on workforce development. “Five out, two in. I don’t care how you vote. I don’t care what your politics are. Math doesn’t care either.”

The host of Dirty Jobs has made variations of that argument for years. But at Ford’s gathering, Rowe’s warning about welders, electricians, and other skilled workers became the opening to a more expansive conversation with Education Secretary Linda McMahon and Michael Duffey, undersecretary for acquisition and sustainment at the U.S. Department of War, about what the country gets wrong when it treats college and career training as opposing paths.

The emerging argument was not merely that Americans need more people in the trades. It was that the language of “blue-collar” and “white-collar” may no longer describe the jobs employers need to fill—or the education workers need to navigate them. Try “purple,” Rowe said.

The arithmetic of a shrinking workforce

Rowe argued the skilled-labor shortage has become difficult to dismiss as a routine hiring challenge. The shortage, he said, is “real,” “wide,” “getting wider,” and “dangerous.”

This is partly a question of demographics. More experienced tradespeople are retiring, while fewer young workers are entering fields such as welding, electrical work, plumbing, advanced manufacturing, and industrial maintenance.

“How long do you want to wait for your toilet to get fixed?” he said. “How long do you want to wait for the lights to come back on when you flip the switch?”

The gap also increasingly reaches into manufacturing and national defense. Rowe cited the submarine-industrial base as an illustration of the problem, describing shortages of welders and electricians at a time when the United States is trying to expand production capacity.

Rowe said he got a call in his capacity as CEO of the MikeRoweWorks Foundation from the BlueForge Alliance, which oversees 16,000 individual companies collectively charged with delivering nuclear-powered submarines. “These guys call me to say, ‘Hey, we’re having a hell of a time finding welders and electricians. Can you help?’ I say, ‘I don’t know. How many do you need?’” And the number is massive: BlueForge says an estimated 100,000 workers in critical manufacturing trades are needed over the next 10 years for the next-generation submarine fleet.

When he was asked where those future workers could be found, Rowe’s answer was: “They’re in the eighth grade.”

That is the trouble, as Rowe sees it. Companies across the economy—Ford and General Motors, big-box retailers, manufacturers, and defense contractors—are competing for workers who will take years to develop. “You can’t recruit out of the eighth grade,” he said.

Linda McMahon’s answer

McMahon agreed with Rowe’s premise, but focused on the institutional changes needed to build a larger pipeline. She said the Education Department has been working with the Labor Department to increase emphasis on workforce training and speed the route into skilled jobs.

Her preferred model begins before graduation. High schools, she said, should work more closely with community colleges, technical schools, and vocational programs so students can graduate with both a high school diploma and a usable credential.

A student could begin with electrical work, for instance, and then add credentials in HVAC or welding. The point is to allow young people to enter the workforce more quickly, avoid unnecessary costs, and continue accumulating skills over time.

McMahon also urged schools to introduce hands-on learning much earlier, including virtual welding and electronics programs that can make technical work feel tangible and attractive to younger students.

But her sharpest point was directed at parents and the status hierarchy around higher education. Skilled work, she argued, should not be described as what a student does when college did not work out.

“This is not just, ‘Boy, my kid really wasn’t smart enough to go to college, so I guess he’ll be an electrician or a plumber,’” McMahon said.

A ‘purple’ workforce

Rowe pushed the conversation further. The problem is not simply that too many people steer students away from the trades, he said. It is that the country still imagines intellectual and practical work as separate worlds.

He questioned the utility of the labels “blue-collar” and “white-collar,” particularly in places such as Detroit and his hometown of Baltimore, where those identities are deeply embedded. Maybe, he suggested, the next generation of work has “a more gray or purple hue.”

Rowe then held up his smartphone as an emblem of that change.

“Here’s my liberal arts degree,” he said, arguing that a smartphone with an internet connection gives anyone access to “99% of the known information.” He said he had just recently watched a lecture from MIT for free from a hotel room.

His point was not that education is obsolete. It was that intellectual ambition is no longer confined to a campus, or to the students who take a conventional academic route. Nor should people with elite degrees be insulated from the value of learning a physical trade, he argued.

Recalling the political line that America needs “fewer philosophers and more welders,” Rowe offered his own version: “Our country needs more philosophers who can run an even bead and more welders who can talk intelligently about the Stoics and think critically,” he said.

The new industrial mix

Duffey tied that argument to the changing nature of manufacturing and defense. Newer companies in the defense-industrial base, he said, are combining technology and manufacturing in ways that do not fit older workforce categories.

The need, he said, is for people with skills rather than a particular occupational label—and for “flexible factories and [a] flexible workforce” capable of responding to shifting industrial demands.

That made Rowe’s demographic warning more than a slogan about empty trade-school seats. The panel was really arguing for a different education hierarchy: one in which the future welder may be an autodidact with access to MIT lectures; the future engineer may understand the shop floor; and skilled work is no longer cast as the alternative to an intellectually serious life.

The workforce of the future, Rowe suggested, may not be blue-collar or white-collar. It may be purple.

For this story, Fortune journalists used generative AI as a research tool. An editor verified the accuracy of the information before publishing.