But this conflict will ultimately be ended not by bullets or bombs, but by backchannel diplomacy. And as Switzerland’s former ambassador to Iran — where I officially represented Washington’s interests in Tehran — I know what it’ll take for both nations to ink a peace deal.

For more than 150 years, Switzerland has served as a trusted go-between for countries without diplomatic ties, often acting as a “protecting power” and mediating between hostile governments. We first took on this responsibility during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 — the period from which the modern institution of protecting power originates. Since then, we’ve carried it into some of the world’s greatest conflicts, representing as many as 35 countries during World War II.

That depth of experience explains why Washington has consistently turned to Switzerland for diplomatic assistance. When the United States broke off relations with Cuba in 1961, Switzerland stepped in as protecting power and maintained that role until President Obama restored relations between Washington and Havana in 2015 — and continues to represent Cuba’s interests in the U.S. to this day.

We’ve likewise served as the United States’ protecting power in Iran. After Iranian students took over the U.S. embassy in Tehran in 1979 and held Americans hostage, the United States cut diplomatic ties with Iran in April 1980 and asked Switzerland to represent its interests; Switzerland formally accepted the mandate in May 1980. Since then, Switzerland has facilitated talks and served as a diplomatic backchannel between the United States and Iran, even hosting negotiations for agreements like the 2015 JCPOA nuclear agreement.

Our decades spent navigating the complex relationship between the United States and Iran have taught us a few important lessons about ending conflicts like this one.

First, it’s essential to keep back channels like ours open — even during active conflict, someone must be able to speak to both sides. Time and again, these communication channels have prevented greater escalation.

After the United States killed Iranian General Qassem Soleimani in January 2020, for example, the Trump administration relied on a Swiss back channel to communicate with Iran and contain the situation.

Having been in charge of such cases of secret communications, I can only assume, that encrypted messages were brought to the attention of the Iranian Foreign Ministry via Switzerland’s embassy in Tehran. Even as Iran’s supreme leader publicly warned of “harsh retaliation” and President Trump threatened new targets, both countries must have been sending more measured messages through Swiss channels to avoid a broader conflict.

Only a country with relatively independent foreign policies, one that’s viewed as a widely trusted third party, can facilitate this sort of dialogue. Right now, Pakistan — which serves as Iran’s protecting power in Washington — has stepped forward to host those negotiations. It’s a welcome, well-intentioned effort, even if Pakistani mediators struggled to align both parties on the precise terms of the recent ceasefire, including the scope of Israel’s military operations in Lebanon.

But both Iran and America sometimes struggle to fully trust Pakistan, which launched retaliatory airstrikes on Iranian territory in January 2024 — killing at least nine people — and also provided assistance to the Afghan Taliban against American troops.

Switzerland, by contrast, isn’t exactly known for its bombing campaigns or support for proxy militias.

Second, it’s important to remember that peace agreements only last when all parties can claim at least a partial victory. A lopsided settlement tends to trigger lasting resentment and renewed war.

The Treaty of Versailles, for example, marked the end of World War I, but historians commonly cite it as a major contributor to the Nazi Party’s rise and the outbreak of World War II.

Of course, that doesn’t mean that any eventual peace deal will perfectly balance the victors’ and vanquished’s demands. But the terms — whatever they may be — must be flexible enough that the losing party can at least save face.

Iran, for instance, has demanded reparations for the damage caused by U.S. airstrikes. The White House, meanwhile, has offered to lift sanctions and unfreeze assets in return for various concessions. If the cash flows, both sides can frame it as they see fit for their domestic audiences.

Switzerland has always prided itself on keeping doors open when others are closing them. Now, as the conflict escalates and the global economic pain compounds, Switzerland stands ready to assist the United States and Iran, just as we’ve done for decades.

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