- Ray Dalio warned the U.S. faces a “debt-induced heart attack” within three years under Trump’s budget policies, citing unsustainable borrowing and soaring interest costs. While economists agree the crisis has been years in the making, they caution that shrinking tax revenues and ballooning debt service could trigger a reckoning if investors lose confidence.
Everyone from Jamie Dimon to Jerome Powell believes a national debt crisis is looming, they just don’t know when it will hit. Ray Dalio isn’t afraid to put a timeline on it: He says a “debt-induced heart attack” will happen under the current administration, in two or three years at most.
Dalio is no stranger to sounding the alarm on this topic. Earlier this year he said economists who believe America can continue to build its debt burden without consequence don’t “understand the mechanics” of the issue.
And this week he put an imminent time frame on the problem, adding this is in part owing to the policies of the second Trump administration.
“The great excesses that are now projected as a result of the new budget will likely cause a debt-induced heart attack in the relatively near future,” Dalio told the Financial Times. “I’d say three years, give or take a year or two.”
Despite Trump touting his second term as a year of cost-cutting and efficiency (already, the Department of Government Efficiency’s months under Elon Musk are fading from view), the Oval Office raised eyebrows with its One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), which Trump touted as the largest tax cut in history for working- and middle-class Americans.
But it isn’t conducive to rebalancing the books. If an entity—public, private, or individual—wants to reduce its debt it has two options: borrow less or bring in more. Reducing tax revenue deliberately brings in less, and the Trump administration’s borrowing hasn’t showed signs of meaningfully slowing.
The Congressional Budget Office, for example, said the OBBBA will add $3.4 trillion to national debt—though countered that most of this cost will be offset by the revenues generated by tariffs. That is the view generally shared by economists, that Trump’s White House won’t accelerate a national debt reckoning, but it won’t delay it, either.
Failing to address the problem will only make it more painful in future. At the moment America’s debt pile stands at $37.3 trillion, and as of July the U.S. government’s cost for maintaining that debt stood at more than $1 trillion—17% of the federal budget for the entire year.
Indeed, calculations by Fortune showed tariff revenue (around $30 billion a month) won’t cover a fraction of the outgoing monthly payments to service the debt, let alone pay down the top-line figure. According to Treasury data seen by Fortune, the accrued interest expense on Treasury notes in July alone was $38.1 billion. Add to that $13.9 billion in interest on Treasury bonds, $2.85 billion on Treasury floating rate notes (FRN), and a total of $6.1 billion across Treasury inflation-protected securities (TIPS) assets. The bill is eye-watering: The total comes to $60.95 billion for the month.
And while Dalio made it clear that the eye-watering debt pile was not a fault that can be placed on one administration or the other, his concern about the present government is that no one will stand up to the powers that be for the good of the economy.
“I think that what is happening now politically and socially is analogous to what happened around the world in the 1930 to ’40 period,” the Bridgewater Associates founder added. Referencing decisions like the government buying a significant stake in chipmaker Intel, Dalio added: “I am just describing the cause and effect relationships that are driving what is happening.
“And by the way, during such times most people are silent because they are afraid of retaliation if they criticize.”
When buyers back out
With this in mind, Dalio likened the U.S. economy to a body’s circulatory system riddled with plaque, with interest payments eventually squeezing out other necessary forms of spending.
At some point, he said, buyers of U.S. debt will begin to question whether the government can function under these conditions: “The demand for debt will unlikely keep up with the supply.”
This is when a reckoning à la Liz Truss is likely to come to fruition, Wharton professor Joao Gomes previously told Fortune. In 2022, the British prime minister backed a mini-budget featuring a raft of unfunded fiscal stimulus, spooking the City to the extent that the pound spiraled to its lowest value ever against the dollar.
Gomes explained: “If at some moment these folks that have so far been happy to buy government debt from major economies decide, ‘You know what, I’m not too sure if this is a good investment anymore. I’m going to ask for a higher interest rate to be persuaded to hold this,’ then we could have a real accident on our hands.”
